By David Pazdera
The sub-compact CZ 2075 RAMI pistol has been on the market for exactly ten years, which is quite an achievement in the turbulent world of modern firearms. This is a good opportunity to recapitulate the whole story of the smallest member of the classic Seventy-Five family from Ceská zbrojovka Uherský Brod in detail. If you are under the impression there is nothing new to be told about this gun, the surprise is about to be revealed. Thanks to the open approach of people, who “were there,” we are able to present you with a series of unique information and pictures, which are being published for the first time, to bring the actual story regarding the very beginnings of RAMI.
Every previous article dedicated to the CZ 2075 RAMI contains various references to the fact that the initial idea for development of this sub-compact seventy-five started at Ceská zbrojovka a.s. at the break of the new millennium. Design engineers worked at a swift pace to make the first unofficial presentation of first prototype marked CZ RAMI in 2001. However, the exact and actual beginning of this story of the sub-compact from Uherský Brod dates way back to the past. One might even say that RAMI could celebrate not a ten-year anniversary but rather fifteen years of its existence.
Mini Pistol for USA
At the beginning of the 1990s, Ceská zbrojovka Uherský Brod decided to consolidate its position in the prestigious market in the United States, to quit its existing cooperation with a selected American distribution company on an exclusive representative basis and to establish its own subsidiary in the U.S.
The pool of major initiators of this project to found the CZ-USA company in January 1997 included Mr. Milan Trkulja. This man is mainly seen as involved in the tremendous success of the CZ Shooting Team of Ceská zbrojovka; yet the actual scope of his tasks in the company from Uherský Brod, where he started working at the end of 1995 (having lived and worked in Canada since 1972 before that), has been substantially broader in certain periods.
When working on the CZ-USA project, Milan had become well acquainted to the existing situation and trends in the North-American market and noted various aspects; one of them being the “ever rising need... for pistols designed for concealed carriage.” That meant small semiautomatic pistols using high performance ammunition of 9mm Luger calibre at least. There had been no gun of similar nature in the product range of Ceská zbrojovka; and not even in their production plan. That was why Milan spent his free time in May 1997 on drafting an idea plan for a “mini pistol,” which would make use of the existing spare parts range of CZ 75 and certain parts of the then brand new pistol Colt Z 40.
Sub-Compact from Colt
Model Colt Z 40 represented interesting results of shot-term cooperation between Ceská zbrojovka and the Colt company, which was facing serious financial problems during 1990s and chose its strategic partnership with Ceská zbrojovka as one of the paths to follow in saving its rapidly fading fame. Agreed Czech-American projects included the development of modern DAO pistol in calibre .40 S&W with a high capacity magazine, light alloy receiver and breech locked by a quadratic protrusion on the barrel in the ejection window. The assignment involved a requirement stating that the new firearm would keep the trigger mechanism from CZ 75 and resemble Colt Government or the legendary .45 Model M1911 as much as possible.
The very basic concept of the Colt Z 40, the main design engineer of which was Ing. Radek Hauerland, appeared as early as spring 1997 and thanks to participation of industrial designer Vojtech Anderle, the CZ 75 was given a sensible new “morphology” and ergonomics. And it was actually Milan Trkulja who first realised that the Z 40, for its design and fairly flat shape, was far more suitable to form a sub-compact than classic seventy-fives, despite their successful compact shape.
Milan's idea of a “mini pistol” from spring 1997 also included specifications of basic parameters and characteristics supplemented with several sketches, which show surprising resemblance between the first draft sketches and the final appearance of RAMI. The first draft by Milan Trkulja showed the new sub-compact from Uherský Brod with total length of 150 mm and height of 110 mm. The real RAMI had not achieved such size reduction, yet it is not far from the initial dimensions proposed. Another thing worth mentioning is that the draft design showed versions both with and without the breech catch, featuring a moulded extension to allow using a high-capacity magazine.
Computer Model
To give his design draft actual physical shape, Milan Trkulja needed to get one of the design engineers and, since he had chosen the design basis in the Colt Z 40 subject to development in progress then, the obvious choice was to approach Ing. Radek Hauerland. The design engineer was thrilled by the concept and followed Milan's sketches to produce the first professional 3D model of the new pistol using Pro/ENGINEER software. And 15 years later, the current Technical Director of Ceská zbrojovka comments his first drawings of this sub-compact he designed with demonstrative satisfaction: “These match the final design of RAMI to almost hundred per cent.” Ing. Hauerland also finished the essential project documentation for this project later on – the name RAMI was the last but not the least of his inventions; this name was initially a temporary designation, yet it soon became popular and has been on the pistol ever since.
The looks of the designed sub-compact were attractive and it was most obvious that this piece might become a purposeful extension to the range of pistols from Uherský Brod. But the design department at Ceská zbrojovka was flooded by other urgent tasks (including preparation of pistols for rearmament of the Police of the Czech Republic). At the end of the day, this meant Ing. Hauerland first started working on RAMI in his free time only, “without the official blessing from his manager and with silent consent of the Technical Director back then.”
Negotiations with Colt Company
The Technical Director mentioned was Ing. Jirí Necas, who played a significant role during the subsequent semi-official presentation of the new sub-compact. Milan Trkulja, who had been working as Vice-President of CZ-USA at its initial stage, actually made an agreement with the Chairman of this subsidiary, Mr. Smith and Ing. Necas stating that if the design of RAMI was to be based on the Z 40, the best thing would be to present the designed “mini pistol” to management of partnering Colt company as a convenient supplement to the basic model.
Back in the 1990s, 3D printers were still to be discovered (even through quite soon), so the actual decision made was to proceed with presentation in the USA following drawings produced by the Pro/ENGINEER and making a wooden dummy model. This assignment was undertaken by the design workshop at Ceská zbrojovka. The wooden RAMI was then brought to one of the numerous meetings at Colt by the Technical Director of Ceská zbrojovka - Ing. Jirí Necas - personally.
Whatever the expectations of Milan Trkulja and fellow participants in this project were, they had to face disappointment. The people in Hartford actually refused to talk about the designed “mini pistol” and instantly rejected the submitted model. Further findings showed they had their own lucky choice: the sub-compact Colt Mustang in 9mm Luger, which was kept secret for a long time with its serial production about to start.
The rejection had a fatal impact on RAMI, as Ceská zbrojovka encountered various other issues during the second half of 1990s and its management would not consider development of this sub-compact as priority. That is not to say the idea was abandoned completely, RAMI had its occasional moments in engineering development plans, yet it temporarily being put on hold.
Working Sample
Everything had changed with the arrival of the new millennium, when Ceská zbrojovka broke the period of certain fumbling and fluctuating profits and began with intense search for new directions of its future progress. The sub-compact RAMI then became one of the first projects in this “new wave,” supported by two factors: it was not a concept starting from absolute scratch and it was backed up by Ing. Radek Hauerland appointed as the head of design department in 1999. That helped to include RAMI among official development tasks in February 2000 and Ing. Hauerland assigned the final stage of design to Ing. Ivan Filko.
Further progress then picked up swift pace. The most important thing was that Ing. Filko utilised existing design drafts and had the first fully operable sample made at the design workshop, in calibre .40 S&W and with magazine capacity for 8 rounds (which was conducted “with his efficient assistance”). This purpose was served using the pistol Colt Z 40 with the following alterations:
- breech – shortened front part and adapted nose;
- receiver – front end shortened and adapted to accommodate safety;
- grip – shortened;
- barrel - shortened;
- return spring – tandem spring used due to small work space, the spring was made according to the sample from Milan Trkulja;
- magazine – altered.
The assembly further included serial parts from the Colt Z 40 and CZ 75 B pistols. Milan Trkulja commented the result in autumn 2000 as follows: “The finished working sample of RAMI mini pistol proved almost identical with the initial design sketch from the year 1997.”
The common practice in similar cases is that years of waiting are followed by prompt action in a short period of time, so the first “live” incarnation did not provide RAMI with all the features desired by its creators. The parts missing in the first place were ambidextrous manual safeties (those were only applied on the polymer version), the planned joint pin was replaced by the regular breech catch common for the seventy-fives family and the gun was not subject to certain required operations on the receiver and breech.
First Show
Despite all odds, RAMI looked very attractive since the very beginning. That was proven at the first preliminary demonstration for business partners, which took place in autumn 2000 at the traditional meeting with foreign distributors, where the new sub-compact was presented by its ideological creator -Milan Trkulja himself. His main focus was aimed at American customers of CZ-USA, who assured him that the demand for small pistols in 9mm, .40 S&W and .45 ACP on the U.S. market was still prevailing. These businessmen dared to estimate the sales success of RAMI after introduction of its sample - provided the pistol would have been launched on the market as soon as possible.
RAMI shot 480 rounds during this presentation – using the local brand Sellier & Bellot, American Eagle ammunition from the U.S. and Magtech from Brazil. There were slight problems experienced when using the Brazilian ammunition, which was fitted with semiwadcutter type projectiles. The working sample met all expectations associated with such a small firearm shooting high performance calibre .40 S&W with regard to all other aspects. The general classification of this pistol was positive thanks to its good controllability. Its excellent accuracy brought another good impression – the sample is said to have achieved the dispersion of mere 8 cm at the shooting distance of 25 m.
Recommended Changes
In October 2000, the marketing department of Ceská zbrojovka – pursuant to the presentation of a working sample to its business partners, besides others – represented by Milan Trkulja himself, finalised formulation of the recommendations below for the completion of the RAMI sub-compact:
- Pistols must be manufactured with receivers made from light alloys (20 points in the BATF agency table).
- As a pistol that is intended for self defence of an individual or as a backup pistol for members of armed forces, the mini pistol RAMI must be capable of shooting most ammunition regularly available on the market which is fitted with HP (hollow-point) projectiles.
- All pistol controls will be lowered to the maximum extent to achieve minimum pistol width.
- The muzzle must be rounded to enable easy holstering.
- The pistol will be fitted with breech catch pin only; the pin will be recessed into the receiver on both ends as much as possible.
- The sights section must be lowered to the maximum extent possible. We recommend fitting sights of new type, sights from the pistol CZ 75 D Compact prepared for the Police of the Czech Republic.
- Reduce the receiver weight to achieve total pistol weight below 650 g.
- Reduce the space between trigger and rear part of receiver to enable more comfortable handling by shooters with small hands or women. Such design could be also applied on the majority of other models in CZ 75/85 series.
- The pistol will be prepared with a standard magazine to hold 8 rounds of calibres .40 S&W or .357 SIG and 10 rounds of calibre 9mm Luger. The extended magazine with capacity of 10 rounds in calibres .40 S&W and .357 SIG will be run simultaneously.
- Grasp hooks on the breech will be provided on either end.
- The pistol will be marked CZ RAMI cal .40 S&W/.357 SIG/9mm Luger.
It is evident that this stage of development was run with the assumed version featuring then very young calibre .357 SIG, which was to represent a pistol alternate to revolver calibre .357 Magnum, while keeping the parameters of .40 S&W. However, Ceská zbrojovka finally decided to not join this fashion trend and development of RAMI was run with focus on calibres .40 S&W and 9mm Luger only, whereas the procedure followed usual practices and the first version processed was .40 – as the subsequent alteration to accommodate the less powerful 9mm Luger ammunition is easier than working the product the other way round.
Blend of Colt and “D”
From the design point of view, RAMI shares certain features with the already mentioned Colt Z 40, with partial common characteristics as the shape of receiver made from aluminium alloy, yet it also reflected some findings obtained through the development and production of the police compact pistol CZ 75 D COMPACT (P-01). RAMI is provided with a shortened Browning receiver, which is not locked by the classic ribbing of seventy-five, yet there is a more sophisticated quadratic barrel protrusion into the ejection window. SA/DA firing pin and trigger mechanism with external cock is basically a system adopted from CZ 75, only with slight alterations due to smaller dimensions of the new pistol. The automatic block firing pin safety and safety lug are of the same origin as well. The barrel is three inches long, extending to 79.5 mm including chute, the total weapon length is only 168 mm. The remarkable thing is that the manufacturers of RAMI managed to keep the same length of breech guide as on the basic version of CZ 75; however, the reduced space inside receiver induced installation of a short tandem spring with telescopic guide bar.
The fairly short barrel did not have any serious impact on shooting accuracy – RAMI can be fired from rest position at 25 m in SA mode without any hassle to achieve the dispersion diameter below 120 mm, better shooters using the 9mm Luger ammunition can achieve the dispersion pattern diameter of 100 mm, while this size increases slightly when shooting the calibre .40 S&W. Achievement of sound shooting results is also assisted by a legible square aim pattern of low sights, further highlighted by three glowing points and the lateral adjustment option of rear sight.
The height of RAMI with inserted magazine is 120 mm; therefore it proves the common characteristic of sub-compacts, as most shooters would not be able to fit their little finger onto the grip (provided with the proven longitudinal fluting on both front and rear ends). Nevertheless, the grasp is still reliable and comfortable thanks to the hollow below the beaver tail and the lower shroud of the trigger guard. The standard twin-row magazine can hold 10 rounds in 9mm Luger or 8 rounds in .40 S&W respectively. However, the design of magazine shaft matches the same on CZ 75 series, which enables utilisation of magazines from the seventy-five’s family offering higher capacity. With respect to character of the weapon, the options to be considered include magazines for compact models holding 14 rounds in 9mm Luger or 10 rounds in .40 S&W, which protrude from the magazine shaft of RAMI to a limited extent only, accommodated by simple moulded extensions supplied by Ceská zbrojovka for this purpose since 2004, as these extend the grip and improve weapon grasp.
Catchless
The initial designs of the “mini pistol” drafted by Milan Trkulja in the spring of 1997 included versions with or without the breech catch, yet even the initial 3D models made by Ing. Hauerland worked with a joint pin only to control the barrel swing during an operating cycle. Creators of this weapon basically assumed that a small backup and defence pistol was not intended for shooting a greater number of rounds and there was no need to enable any rapid magazine exchange.
The working sample of RAMI from the year 2000 then saw the light fitted with a breech catch, yet this feature was rather a result of partial improvisation during the manufacturing process with no spare time to execute the alteration required. The fact somewhat confusing to people might be that marketing personnel worked for a while with this version – it was presented “under the counter” at the IWA 2001 exhibition, besides others, and selected journalists were allowed to take photographs of it. This piece was shortly followed by tuned-up prototypes featuring joint pins – the first ones provided with rectangular heads and top edges rounded off. This version of new sub-compact, with its new designation CZ 2075 RAMI was once again presented “under the counter” in Nuremberg in spring 2002. During the first half of 2002, the joint pin stub changes its shape to definite round and this modification of RAMI was then presented to public officially in 2002 and launched on the market in 2003. Ceská zbrojovka, and especially Milan Trkulja, did not hesitate to add the following (without devising these words coming true): “If ... the customers demanded the feature, we would be happy to add the breech catch on this pistol.”
Restriction of control features to the left manual safety with a new flat finger control (which found its way through partial individual alterations to land on other CZ 75 series weapons including sporting models SP-01 as well) and the adjustable, standard left-sided magazine catch also helped to minimise the risk of weapon capture on clothes or holster when drawing. The same reason led to integration of the joint pin stub into the frame with a recession made in the manual safety handling space. The right side of frame was provided with the same oval notch identical to the police compact, which ensured that the other end of the joint pin did not protrude over the frame contour.
This design of the basic model CZ 2075 RAMI (it is worth mentioning that the model designation CZ 2075 was initially given to a pistol from Uherský Brod featuring a polymer frame, which only made it to the prototype stage) generated very positive feedback on the market. The American magazine Guns & Ammo even nominated this model for the Gun of the Year 2004 award – yet those were the times when RAMI looked a bit different.
Adding the Catch
The reason for that were interesting findings obtained through practical use. It was revealed that most customers did not see RAMI as the “emergency backup gun” yet rather a smart and small defence pistol for everyday carry. The final conclusion then showed the market preferring the use of a breech catch despite initial expectations.
As the engineers from Uherský Brod accounted for such option, application of the breech catch (or the evident return to this design, bearing in mind the working sample) did not bring any trouble. To keep the smallest width possible, this alteration resulted in a minor modification of the frame with respect to control features in terms of an extended notch accommodating finger controls of the breech catch and manual safety.
The final result is the pistol CZ 2075 RAMI has been in production with the frame made from aluminium alloy solely with breech catch only since 2004 – which makes the smaller lot of catchless pistols interesting collectors' items for the future.
The First Polymer Seventy-Five
The year 2005 saw product range of Ceská zbrojovka extending with the model CZ 2075 RAMI P in 9mm Luger and .40 S&W, which was de facto the first seventy-five with its frame made from durable polymer in serial production. The gun designed by Ing. Ivan Filko features the newly designed frame with flat grip and ambidextrous manual safety as well as the characteristic so called “wide breech” used to cover guide slots on the top part of two steel containers pressed into the frame. The maximum width of new breech is 27 mm; however, that does not apply to its bottom and rear part only, the breech width has been reduced to 22 mm before finger control slots making a distinctive “step“ to make cocking easier. (The width of breech on initial RAMI with hard aluminium breech was constant at 24 mm.) This modification was so successful that the “wide“ breech has also become a standard for RAMI pistols with aluminium alloy frames and found its use on other seventy-fives with polymer frames.
Beside that, model CZ 2075 RAMI P belongs to the first pistols from Uherský Brod, which have employed the MIM technology to a greater extent, i.e. steel dust sintering in moulds. This method is used to produce especially both steel containers carrying the trigger and firing pin mechanism or the right control of manual safety for the “polymer” sub-compact.
Other Options
The family of RAMI sub-compacts was further extend by a significantly re-designed pistol using the so called “non-lethal“ ammunition 9mm PA RUBBER fitted with spherical rubber projectiles. The design was based on model CZ 2075 RAMI P, where Ing. Filko assumed utilisation of less powerful ammunition and designed the magazine shaft with simple plastic inserts to enable reliable utilisation of an integrated smaller magazine holding shorter rounds, adopted from the model CZ 83 in this case. The pistol labelled CZ 2075 RAMI 9mm P.A. RUBBER, which differed from the live ammunition version by its fixed barrel and lightweight dynamic breech, besides other, was to enrich the product range of Ceská zbrojovka as a supplement to pistol CZ 83 using the same type of ammunition (bringing the company interesting business success in certain East-European and Asian countries), nevertheless this model was never introduced into serial production.
Design engineers in Uherský Brod processed a whole range of further modifications for RAMI sub-compact, some of them featuring a de-cocking lever, ambidextrous control features or the DAO version. There were other models being developed in various calibres as well. The arms factory in Uherský Brod also showed prompt response to the creation of “short forty-five” .45 GAP, which, however, remained without any significant market demand after the initial enthusiasm, so RAMI adapted for this type of ammunition remained a prototype only.
BD and D
The broad range of items under development saw another member getting into serial production in 2008: it was the model CZ 2075 BD RAMI with hard aluminium frame and left side lever for safe de-cocking prepared by Ceská zbrojovka within its lot offered for service market in the USA.
As the target group of customers demanded the 9mm Luger, which is easier to handle, this model had not been produced in .40 S&W. The BD version of RAMI is fitted with the so called “wide breech“ as standard. Its frame is slightly different from the basic model CZ 2075 – the left side is missing finger controls of control features. This change was evidently the easiest way to allow using of the typical de-cocking button with rear lever designed in Uherský Brod. During 2012, the name of this model changed to the simpler form CZ 2075 D RAMI without any other modification on the weapon.
Black and White
The information from the first half of 2002 still shows the assumption that certain quantity of sub-compacts produced in Uherský Brod had their aluminium alloy frames coloured white, which is the same as on prototypes, with optional bicolour combination of the frame and breech. The final surface finish on serial RAMI pistols is black (fitted with black plastic or rubber grips on models with hard aluminium frames).
Exceptions are very rare. The year 2006 saw completion of a luxury series comprising two hundred pieces of RAMI P with the breech and control features made from stainless steel, which sold instantly. Another attractive modification of the same model had a “chequered” polymer frame, a nickel-plated breech and control features of the same colour, it was also presented at the IWA 2005 exhibition.
One of the Best in Its Category
The model series of CZ 2075 RAMI extended the product range of Ceská zbrojovka with very successful and powerful sub-compacts, which accompanied the police compact CZ 75 D COMPACT and CZ 75 SP-01 family to top the charts of engineering based on the classic CZ 75 in Uherský Brod. Another thing to be mentioned is that design engineers and technologists from Ceská zbrojovka obtained valuable experience in the case of RAMI P, with respect to the best modern materials and production processes, which they utilised during subsequent development of the new generation of CZ firearms - the DUTY pistol series.
As far as the assessment of market position occupied by RAMI pistols is concerned, it can be summarised with reference to statement of Czech technical journalists from spring 2009: “Ceská zbrojovka seems to have outwitted its rivals. Manufacturers of various clones of the CZ 75 also offer compacts and sub-compacts, yet those are just typical derivations of larger models created by mere reduction of barrels and grips, while keeping the site of central and rear part of the pistol breech and receiver. Compared to RAMI, these look like rough milled semi-products and most of them exceed RAMI’s dimensions at every aspect. The main advantage of RAMI pistol is the pleasant trigger operation, excellent grip ergonomics, reliability and accuracy. All versions are well controllable during both fast and slow shooting. RAMI belongs to be the leaders in its category.”
CZ 2075 RAMI
Calibre: 9 mm Luger/.40 S&W
Length: 168 mm
Height: 120 mm
Width: 33 mm
Barrel length: 74.6 mm
Weight w/ empty magazine: 695 g
Magazine capacity: 10 rounds (9mm Luger) / 8 rounds (.40 S&W)
Production start: 2003
CZ 2075 RAMI P
Calibre: 9mm Luger/.40 S&W
Length: 168 mm
Height: 120 mm
Width: 33 mm
Barrel length: 74.6 mm
Weight w/ empty magazine: 665 g
Magazine capacity: 10 rounds (9mm Luger) / 8 rounds (.40 S&W)
Production start: 2005
CZ 2075 BD RAMI / CZ 2075 D RAM
Calibre: 9 mm Luger
Length: 168 mm
Height: 120 mm
Width: 33 mm
Barrel length: 74.6 mm
Weight w/ empty magazine: 695 g
Magazine capacity: 10 rounds
Production start: 2008
CZ 2075 RAMI 9 mm P.A. RUBBER
Calibre: 9 mm P.A. RUBBER
Length: 166 mm
Height: 128 mm
Width: 33 mm
Barrel length: 77.6 mm
Weight w/ empty magazine: 680 g
Magazine capacity: 12 rounds
In the Words of Milan Trkulja: The Story of the Return Tandem Spring
As long as I can recall, I had always been aware of the apparent problem with breech return mechanism. Even Radek Hauerland, when I approached him with my idea design of this pistol, warned me that the return spring issue would probably hold us back from creating the pistol. The reason for this was the very short pistol breech and any quality return spring would have to fit into a very limited space. I knew our problem could be solved by a tandem spring only.
I set off to the USA to train RSR Group employees on the CZUB product range at that time. It was a tiresome trip across five states. At my stop in Sparks, Nevada, I visited the Gun Show sales exhibition, where one could buy guns, accessories, spare parts and other gun related “junk.” There was a guy selling spring of all kinds and I found a tandem spring while browsing through his inventory, the spring looked as if made exactly for my gun. I asked him about the price and got this reply: “It's yours, no one wants it anyway.” I gave him a CZUB badge and the deal was done.
And then I came back home to discover this spring was exactly what we wanted. We even used it in the first working sample and it must have remained in there since then. (Note: A document from that time indicates this working sample had been manufactured using a tandem spring made as an accurate match of the piece obtained by Milan Trkulja.) The story shows that a bit of luck is always welcome... Well, Radek started to put those idea designs into drawings.
What Does RAMI Stand For?
There are two theories for possible explanation of the RAMI abbreviation: The first one implies that the pistol name is made of the first two letters in the names of its creators: Ing. Radek Hauerland and Milan Trkulja , the main “fathers” to this gun. The second theory adds that RAMI also includes the first letter in the name of the design engineer Ing. Ivan Filko. We processed this material to make these rumours clear and asked Ing. Radek Hauerland, the current Technical Director of Ceská zbrojovka, for an explanation directly. The findings were somewhat surprising – proving that fans of both theories are actually right:
“The name RAMI was made up by me and it served as a temporary name of a piece in development only. It was meant to be replaced by another name, once known. But I finally liked it that much, so we have kept it. It is formed by the first two letters of my and Milan's names respectively. We assigned the last letter to Ivan later on, as he was the one to take over the pistol and finalise its polymer frame, de-cocking, etc. He deserves credit for the gun, so he's the letter.”
Speaking of the creation of RAMI, Milan Trkulja adds: “I started discussing the name for this pistol with Radek, there were a few ideas and Radek then said: Radek – Milan, let's call it RAMI. And he also offered me to name the pistol MIRA, as I was the one that came with its idea design. But I liked RAMI, so we've kept it that way. The name is not bad at all, meaning something like 'excellent shooter' or 'bowman' in Hebrew or Arabic.”
(Credits for assistance with processing of this material shall be dedicated to Ing. Radek Hauerland, Milan Trkulja and Richard Zapletal.)
This article first appeared in Small Arms Review SAW (March 2013) |
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